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| The requirements could vary from human consumption to ultra
pure water needed for modern electronics. The various levels of
water qualities are achieved by applying certain processes. A
brief description of this process is given below: |
Clarification |
| This process is basically used for removal of suspended matter
in equipments known as clarifiers. Clarifiers provide adequate
storage time
so that the rising water velocity is less than the settling
velocity of water particles. The suspended matter settle down as
sludge and this is removed intermittently or continuously.
Sometimes, coagulants and flocculating agents are added to
increase the settling rate and achieve better separations.
Conventional clarifiers are circular structures. Recently,
inclined plate / tubular structures are used for clarification
to save space. |
Filtration |
| If further removal of suspended material is necessary after
clarification, filtration with pressure sand filter or
multimedia filter is necessary. The filtration is achieved by
forcing water through a bed of sand, or a bed consisting of
layers of anthracite and sand. Sometimes water is passed through
activated carbon "filter" after filtration. The activated carbon
due to its high surface area, removers organic matter, odor
causing materials, etc. by the process of adsorption. It also
removes free chlorine and coloring matter. After filtration, the
water can be disinfected by chlorination or exposure to UV
radiation or ozonation or a combination of these, for potable
purposes. |
Softening |
| Most industrial requirements need softening as a minimum
treatment for prevention of scale formation on
heat transfer
surfaces, piping, etc… Softening is normally achieved by
contacting filtered water with a Base Exchange resin (Sodium
form cation exchanger resin) in a pressure vessel suitably
designed. The sodium
form resin softens water by exchange
calcium and magnesium ions in water for sodium ions. Hence, the
softener removes calcium & magnesium ions and renders the water
soft. This method removes temporary and permanent hardness.
Common salt is used to rejuvenate the exchange resins,
periodically. |
Demineralization by Ion Exchange |
| If higher degree of purification is desired, a demineralization
plant consisting of at least a cation exchanger vessel followed
by an anion exchanger vessel will be required. The cation
exchanger resins exchange Ca ++, Mg++, Na++, ions for H+ ions
and the anion exchanger resins exchange HCO3 -, Cl -, SO4 --
ions for OH - ions resulting in the production of salt free
water . Presently more than one type of resins are available and
given the chemical composition of water, a flow sheet can be
developed for an optimum treatment of water. When
the alkalinity of water is high, degasser units are employed to
save on the cost of alkali regenerant. To obtain very high
purity water, mixed bed polishers are employed at the end of the
chain. Employment of mixed beds are necessary to obtain low
conductivity and low silica levels in the treated water. |
Condensate polisher |
| Condensate polishers are again mixed resin bed polishers
operating at higher velocities and pressures to achieve higher
throughputs at the same obtaining the required purity of treated
water. |
Thermal deaerator |
| Thermal deaerators are available from FACTOR in both spray cum
tray and only spray configurations. Thermal deaerator are
process equipments providing high area of contact between steam
and water particles for stripping off dissolved oxygen.
Dissolved oxygen is an undesirable component in boiler feed
water as it causes corrosion. Factor has designed manufactured
and commissioned many dearators of including capacity 260m3/hr
for M/s Rama Newsprint and Papers.Ltd., Surat, India. |
| Chemical Dosing Stations |
| Factor routinely offers high pressure and low pressure chemical
feed system for conditioning boiler feed water. |
| Reverse Osmosis |
Factor offers water and waste water system based on Reverse
Osmosis technology. Membranes generally offered by us are Dow's
Filmtech membranes &Koch Fluid System membranes for brackish
water as well
as sea- water desalination. Factor offers RO
packages including
pre- treatment & post- treatment. Recent
Plants offered: 1. Waste water recycling to M/s Sterlite Optical
Technologies Ltd., Cap. 8m3/hr based
on phsico-chemical
treatment followed by reverse osmosis. 2. High purity water free
of pathogen, pyrogen and endotoxins for dialysis center at
Lourde's Hospital in Kerala. The purity is achieved by proper
pretreatment and reverse osmosis membranes. |
| Waste Water Systems |
Factor has sufficient expertise to design, manufacture &
commission plants for reduction of BOD, COD etc. It has
proprietary designs for high speed & slow speed floating surface
aerators. Factor can also offer different aeratoion systems for
activated sludge systems.
Recent plants offered:
1. Package treatment plant including disinfection & recycling of
treated wastewater for 800 persons.
Client: M/s Kaverner Powergas India Ltd., Mumbai.
2. Package treatment plant for treating pharmaceutical water at
Pharmacare FZE at Jabel Ali Free Trade Zone, UAE.
Capacity-8m3/hr. |
| Aerators |
| Factor offers high speed floating surface aerator from 3HP to
75HP with MS FRP float filled with polyurethane foam. If
required, floats made of only polymers can be offered. The shaft
& impeller are generally made out of stainless steel. Slow speed
floating aerators, directly driven by geared motors are
also
available. |
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